SAMIKSHA HEART AND DIABETIC CARE Welcome to samiksha heart and diabetic care. Our institution was initially started in yelahanka , north bangalore in may 2013. The reason why our centre was started to make available the basic and advanced Cardiac and diabetic services and treatment accessible early. Samiksha heart and diabetic care offers a vast array of outpatient cardiac services. Our centre is fully equipped to provide patients with all of the usual cardiodiagnostic services (ECGs, echocardiography, stress tests, holter monitors, ambulatory BP monitering etc.) needed to effectively manage your cardiovascular health. We diagnose and treat any cardiac disorder – simple or complex from diagnosis to intervention and comprehensive treatment. we share the common dream of giving you the compassionate healthcare that you deserve. Our specialized services have been designed to deliver the care that is best suited to your needs. Despite all the latest advances we feel that the old fashioned physician-patient relationship can be maintained here . We just don’t treat diseases, we care for you as a person. Accessibility, cost and care are optimal in our centre. We believe in making your concerns ours. Our services ensure your constant comfort and quick recovery. However, unlike the same services provided through the hospital our practice helps our patients reduce the cost of their health care. We look forward to seeing you in our practice, where we put our patients first. Success for us is the smile on our patients’ faces as they leave our hospital.

THE BEST CARDIOLOGISTS IN YELAHANKA A systematic description of ECGs The following eight short steps will enable most ECGs to be described correctly: 1 Check the paper speed and calibration markers. 2 Measure or estimate the heart rate. 3 Estimate the rhythm. 4 Look for P waves. 5 Measure the PR interval. 6 Examine the QRS complex. 7 Check the ST segment. 8 Measure the T wave. ECG interpretation should always be as restrained as practicable, taking into account the clinical context where known and comparison with previous tracings where possible. The possibility of Prinzmetal’s electrocardiographic heart disease must always be borne in mind—that is, do not assume that an abnormal ECG always means heart disease.2.

PAPULAR CARDIOLOGISTS IN HEBBALA ECG interpretation: points to remember 1 ECG reports should be short and based on clinical information where possible. 2 Check that the patient’s name is on the ECG and that the paper speed and calibration markers are correct. 3 Measure or estimate the heart rate—3 large squares = 100/minute. 4 Establish the rhythm. Look for P waves (best seen in L2). Are the P waves followed by QRS complexes? Look for anomalously conducted or ectopic beats. 5 Measure the intervals: PR, QRS duration and QT interval (for the latter, consult tables, but normal is less than 50% of the RR interval). 6 If the QRS complex is wide (> 3 small squares) consider the possibilities: LBBB, RBBB, WPW or ventricular rhythm or beats. If the pattern is of LBBB, there is no need in most cases to attempt further interpretation. 7 Estimate the QRS axis. In LAD, L1 and aVF diverge and L2 is predominantly negative. In RAD, L1 and aVF converge, while L2 matters little. Indeterminate axis is diagnosed when all six frontal leads are (more or less) equiphasic. 8 Check whether the criteria for LAHB or LAFB have been met. 9 Look for pathological Q waves. In general these are longer than 0.04 seconds and are more than 25% of the size of the following R wave.

HEART DOCTORS IN YELAHANKA NEWTOWN, BANGALORE Management of ACS (NSTEACS) Patients with this diagnosis represent a rather heterogeneous group. Some have had the recent onset of angina at the extremes of exercise, others have angina at rest associated with ECG changes. This variation has made attempts to study the effects of different treatment rather difficult. Although the majority of patients with myocardial infarction have a preceding period of unstable angina, only about 5% of all patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of an ACS go on to infarct during that admission. The in-hospital mortality for these patients is low. Mortality rates of less than 2% are usual. Nevertheless, there is a real short-term and longerterm risk of infarction, recurrent admission with unstable symptoms and death which is higher than that of patients with stable angina. The diagnosis should therefore lead to admission to a CCU. The cardiac enzymes are, by definition, not elevated in these patients but the newer, more sensitive tests for troponin T and troponin I may be abnormal and indicate a worse prognosis . In the CCU, bed rest, oxygen and ECG monitoring are routinely enforced and any mobile phones taken away (allegedly to protect the monitoring equipment). Recurrence of chest pain can be assessed quickly and ECGs performed to look for changes suggesting infarction. The cardiac biomarkers can be checked regularly. All patients should receive aspirin (300 mg) unless there is a contraindication. Patients with an intermediate or a higher risk should also be given clopidogrel (usually a 300–600 mg loading dose). The use of intravenous heparin has become standard treatment. A typical starting dose is 5000 units as a bolus followed by 24, 000 units over 24 hours. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APPT) should be measured after about six hours of treatment and the infusion rate of heparin adjusted to maintain this at about twice normal. Heparin is generally safe when used in this way. Bleeding problems may sometimes occur and the platelet count should be checked every few days so that heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HITS), a rare but serious complication, can be detected early. Low molecular weight heparins are at least as effective as unfractionated heparin. These drugs have some advantages over heparin. Their dose response effect is more predictable and they cause less thrombocytopenia. They are effective given subcutaneously without APPT monitoring and are now cheaper than IV heparin when savings on APPT monitoring and the use of infusion sets are considered. A standard twice-daily dose is given according to the patient’s weight—1 mg/kg for enoxaparin (Clexane). The dose is reduced by half for those with moderate or severe renal impairment and for those over the age of 75. Additional treatment should include beta-blockers unless these are contraindicated. These drugs reduce the number of ischaemic episodes and probably the risk of myocardial infarction. Nitrates can be a useful adjunctive treatment. They may be given orally, topically or intravenously. The IV dose can be titrated up or down depending on the amount of pain the patient is experiencing and the severity of side effects such as hypotension and headache. The problem of tachyphylaxis with nitrates can be overcome by steady increases in the IV dose if necessary. Calcium antagonists are appropriate treatment for patients intolerant of beta-blockers and may sometimes be added to beta-blockers. Nifedipine, especially in its short-acting form, should not be used for patients with acute coronary syndromes unless they are already taking beta-blockers. Thrombolytic drugs have been disappointing when used for NSTEACS. In trials where they have been used for patients with ischaemic chest pain but without ST elevation there has been a trend towards an adverse outcome. This may be related to the rebound hypercoagulable state that can occur after their use. In general they should not be used for the treatment of NSTEACS. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (p. 198) should be given for high-risk patients,

HEART SPECIALISTS IN H S R LAYOUT BANGALORE A systematic description of ECGs The following eight short steps will enable most ECGs to be described correctly: 1 Check the paper speed and calibration markers. 2 Measure or estimate the heart rate. 3 Estimate the rhythm. 4 Look for P waves. 5 Measure the PR interval. 6 Examine the QRS complex. 7 Check the ST segment. 8 Measure the T wave. ECG interpretation should always be as restrained as practicable, taking into account the clinical context where known and comparison with previous tracings where possible. The possibility of Prinzmetal’s electrocardiographic heart disease must always be borne in mind—that is, do not assume that an abnormal ECG always means heart disease.2 Paper speed and calibration markers The standard paper speed is 25 mm/second. This means that 1 mm (small square) = 0.04 seconds and 5 mm (large square) = 0.20 seconds. Provided that the grid is shown, this gives the time scale regardless of the actual image magnification used. Voltage is measured on the vertical axis: 10 mm = 1 mV, as shown in the calibration artefact Leads are often described in groups that correspond approximately to the area of the heart they represent. n Leads 1 and aVL are (high) lateral leads. n Leads 2, 3 and aVF are inferior leads. n Leads 1, 2, 3, aVL, aVF and aVR are collectively called limb or frontal plane leads. Leads 1, 2 and 3 are standard limb leads, while leads aVL, aVF and aVR are augmented limb leads. n Leads V1 and V2 are anteroseptal leads. n Leads V3 and V4 are anterior leads. n Leads V5 and V6 are anterolateral leads. n Leads V1–V6 are collectively called chest, precordial or horizontal plane leads. 3• AN OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY 49 Heart rate By definition, sinus tachycardia is a heart rate ≥ 100/minute and sinus bradycardia is a heart rate ≤ 50/minute.3 To calculate the heart rate from the ECG, the R-R interval in mm can be divided into 1500. For example, an R-R interval of 20 mm gives a rate of 75/minute and an R-R interval of 15 mm gives a rate of 100. Similarly, large 5 mm squares can be divided into 300; thus three squares give a rate of 100/minute. In regular rhythms, any two congruous points of the P-QRS-T sequence can be used to estimate the rate. An ECG ruler has a scale that enables rapid rate measurement and calculation of other intervals. With practice, the rate can be estimated at a glance. Rhythm Begin by looking for P waves. They are best seen in lead 2 (L2) (which is calculated electrocardiographically as the arithmetic sum of leads 1 and 3), aVR (where everything including the P waves

HEART SPECIALISTS IN HEBBALABANGALORE Case-based learning: cardiovascular risk assessment Mr RF is 60 years old and presents for a check-up because he is concerned he may be at risk of heart disease. Objectives for the group to understand How should this type of request be managed What can be done to assess an individual’s future cardiac risk, and what can be done to improve the prognosis for those at increased risk Epidemiology and population health The presenter should ask the group to consider the concept of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the differences between population risk factors and those for an individual. How did the concept of risk factors arise Presenting symptoms and clinical examination What questions should be asked of Mr RF to begin the risk factor assessment 1 Is there a history of ischaemic heart disease or symptoms of heart disease 2 Has his cholesterol level been checked in the past What was itHas it been treated with diet or drugs, or both Has the level improved 3 Is he a diabetic, or has he had an abnormal blood sugar measurement 4 Is there a history of high blood pressure Has this been treated If so, how 5 Is there a history of heart disease in the familIf so, who has been affected and at what age 6 Does he smoke? How many cigarettes a day If he has ceased smoking, when did he stop 7 Does he exercise regularly 8 Have any cardiac investigations been performed before What were the results 9 Is there a history of peripheral arterial disease (claudication) or erectile dysfunction The group should appreciate that considerable information about risk can be obtained by asking simple questions. What physical examination should be performed